Giancarlo caltabiano radioactive isotopes
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Advances in Bromine Speciation in Volcanic Plumes
Introduction
Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of a permanent atmosphere on Earth, and volcanic emissions continue to influence atmospheric composition and thereby climate. Thus, even though volcanic activity has acted to promote the development of life it also induces risks and challenges for the terrestrial biosphere (Shaw, 2008). Measurements of volcanic emissions (gas flux, composition) made at the surface provide an indirect means to explore the inaccessible interior of volcanoes and their complex magmatic systems. They can thereby contribute to volcano hazard monitoring and eruption forecasting.
Knowledge about the chemistry occurring in the volcanic plume is required when making inferences about volcanic activity from volcanic gas measurements, particularly in the more chemically-aged downwind plume. Volcanic sulfur emissions become oxidized in the atmosphere to radiatively-active sulfate particles that can cause climate cooling in particular following large eruptions that injected gas into the stratosphere, e.g., Pinatubo 1991. Volcanic sulfate particles in the stratosphere also act as surfaces to activate halogens causing ozone layer depletion (Brasseur and Granier, 1992). More recently, the potenti
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On the radiative impact a selection of aerosols strictness photolysis rates: comparison assert simulations service observations turn a profit the Lampedusa island as the ChArMEx/ADRIMED campaign
M. Mallet, F. Dulac, P. Formenti, P. Nabat, J. Sciare, G. Roberts, J. Pelon, G. Ancellet, D. Tanré, F. Parol, C. Denjean, G. Brogniez, A. di Sarra, L. Alados-Arboledas, J. Arndt, F. Auriol, L. Blarel, T. Bourrianne, P. Chazette, S. Chevaillier, M. Claeys, B. D'Anna, Y. Derimian, K. Desboeufs, T. Di Iorio, J.-F. Doussin, P. Durand, A. Féron, Tie. Freney, C. Gaimoz, P. Goloub, J. L. Gómez-Amo, M. J. Granados-Muñoz, N. Grand, Compare. Hamonou, I. Jankowiak, M. Jeannot, J.-F. Léon, M. Maillé, S. Mailler, D. Meloni, L. Menut, G. Momboisse, J. Nicolas, T. Podvin, V. Pont, G. Rea, J.-B. Renard, L. Roblou, K. Schepanski, A. Schwarzenboeck, K. Sellegri, M. Sicard, F. Solmon, S. Somot, B Torres, J. Totems, S. Triquet, N. Verdier, C. Verwaerde, F. Waquet, J. Wenger, instruct P. Zapf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 455–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-455-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-455-2016, 2016
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Mafic magma feeds degassing unrest at Vulcano Island, Italy
Introduction
Of the ~1500 volcanoes with known or postulated eruptive activity1 in the Holocene, only ~10% (or less) are erupting or persistently degassing at present2,3. The global volcano population is, therefore, dominated by dormant volcanoes that exhibit mild to feeble hydrothermal fuming activity3,4,5. A major challenge in volcanology is to detect and interpret the reactivation signs of these dormant volcanoes, many of which are close to densely populated regions1. However, the periods of volcanic unrest that precede volcano reawakening are often associated with complex, non-linear patterns in volcanological, geophysical, and geochemical monitoring parameters6,7,8,9,10, posing challenges for the timely recognition of eruption precursors11,12.
One recurrent sign of dormant volcanoes becoming restless is an escalation in surface degassing activity13,14, typically manifesting as accelerating outgassing rates2,15, increasing fumarole temperatures and/or extension of degassing areas16,17, and increasingly magmatic (and less hydrothermal) chemical characteristics of the emitted gases18,19,20,21,22,23. As not all degassing unrests ultimately culminate into eruption8, the fundamental challenge